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Reference ranges
Full blood count (FBC)
Haemoglobin (Hb):
  • ♂ 130 – 180 g/​L
  • ♀ 115 – 165 g/​L
White Cell Count (WCC):
  • Total: 3.6 – 11.0 x 109/L
  • Neutrophils: 1.8 – 7.5 x 109/L
  • Lymphocytes: 1.0 – 4.0 x 109/L
  • Monocytes: 0.2 – 0.8 x 109/L
  • Eosinophils: 0.1 – 0.4 x 109/L
  • Basophils: 0.02 – 0.10 x 109/L
Platelet Count: 140 – 400 x109/L
Red Cell Count (RCC):
  • ♂ 4.5 – 6.5 x 109/L
  • ♀ 3.8 – 5.8 x 109​​​​​​​/L
Haematocrit:
  • ♂ 0.40 – 0.54 L/​L
  • ♀ 0.37 – 0.47 L/​L
Mean Cell Volume (MCV): 80 – 100 fL
Mean Corpuscular Haemoglobin (MCH): 27 – 32 pg/cell
Reticulocyte count: 0.2 – 2%
Coagulation
Prothrombin Time (PT): 10 – 14 seconds
Activated Partial Thromboplastin Time (APTT): 24 – 37 second
Fibrinogen: 1.50 – 4.50 g/L
D-Dimer: < 500 ng/mL
Haematinics
Ferritin:
  • ♂ 25 – 350 ng/mL
  • ♀ 10 – 300 ng/mL
Vitamin B12: 180 – 1000 pg/mL
Folate: > 4.0 ng/mL
Total Serum Iron:
  • ♂ 11.6 – 35.0 μmol/​L
  • ♀ 4.6 – 30.4 μmol/​L
Transferrin: 2.0 – 3.6 g/L
Transferrin Saturation: 20 – 50%
Total Iron Binding Capacity (TIBC): 45 – 81 μmol/​L
Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate (ESR):
  • ♂ ≤ 49 years: 1 – 7
  • ♂ ≥ 50 years: 2 – 10
  • ♀ ≤ 49 years: 3 – 9
  • ♀ ≥ 50 years: 5 – 15
Urea & electrolytes
Na+: 133–146 mmol/L
Ca2+(adjusted): 2.2-2.6 mmol/L
Mg2+: 0.7–1.0 mmol/L
Chloride: 98-106 mmol/L
Urea: 2.5 - 7.8 mmol/L
Creatinine:
  • ♂ 59–104 μmol/L
  • ♀ 45–84 μmol/ L
Liver function tests (LFTs)
Alkaline phosphatase (ALP): 30–130 U/L
Alanine aminotransferase (ALT):
  • ♂ <41 U/L
  • ♀<33 U/L
Bilirubin: <21 μmol/L
GGT:
  • ♂ <60 U/L
  • ♀<40 U/L
Albumin: 35–50 g/L
Inflammatory markers
CRP: < 5mg/L
Arterial blood gas results
pH: 7.35 - 7.45
pO2: 11 - 13 kPa (82.5 - 97.5 mmHg)
pCO2: 4.7 - 6.0 kPa (35.2 - 45 mmHg)
HCO3: 22 - 26 mmol/L
Base excess: (-2 to +2 mmol/L)
Metabolic tests
Serum ketones: < 0.6 mmol/L
Fasting blood glucose: 4.0 to 6.0 mmol/L
Postprandial (2 hours after eating): up to 7.8 mmol/L
HbA1c: < 42 mmol/mol (6.0%)
Cholesterol: < 5 mmol/L
Triglyceride: 0.55–1.90 mmol/L
LDL: < 3mmol/L
HDL: > 1 mmol/L
Cholesterol/HDL: < 4
Endocrinology
TSH: 0.4–4.0 mU/L²
Free T4: 9 - 24 pmol/L
Free T3: 3.5 - 7.8 pmol/L
Parathyroid hormone: 10 - 65 ng/L
Growth hormone (random):
  • ♂< 5 ng/mL
  • ♀< 10 ng/mL
Cortisol (random): 137 - 429 nmol/L
Testosterone:
  • Male <50:
    • 10-45 nmol/L
  • Male >50:
    • 6.2-26 nmol/L
Triglyceride: 0.55–1.90 mmol/L
LDL: < 3mmol/L
HDL: > 1 mmol/L
Cholesterol/HDL: < 4
Other biochemistry tests
Serum Total Protein: 60 – 78 g/L
Troponin T: < 0.01 µg/L
Creatine kinase (CK):
  • ♂ 40–320 U/L
  • ♀ 25–200 U/L
Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH): 240–480 U/L
Lactate (plasma): 0.5 - 2.2 mmol/L
Urate:
  • ♂ 200–430 μmol/L
  • ♀ 140–360 μmol/L
Amylase: 28–100 U/dL
Ammonia: 10 – 35 μmol/L
NT-proBNP:
  • < 75 years: < 125 pg/mL
  • > 75 years: < 450 pg/mL
Copper: 70 – 150 μg/dL
Ceruloplasmin: 15 – 60 μmol/L
Vitamin D: > 500 nmol/L
Serum Osmolality: 275 – 295 mOsmol/kg
24h Urine Osmolality: 500 – 800 mOsm/kg
Random Urine Osmolality: 300 – 900 mOsm/kg
12h Fluid Restricted Urine Osmolality: > 850 mOsm/kg
24h Urine Sodium (Na+): 100 – 260 mmol/24h
24h Urine Potassium (K+): 25 – 100 mmol/24h
24h Urine Total Protein: < 100 mg/24h
Urine pH (random): 5 – 7
Tumour markers
Beta Human Chorionic Gonadotrophin (bHCG): < 5 mU/mL
Alpha Fetoprotein: < 44 ng/mL
Prostate Specific Antigen (PSA): < 4.0 ng/mL
Carcinoembryonic Antigen (CEA):
  • Non-smokers at 50 years: < 3.6 μg/L
  • Non-smokers at 70 years: < 4.1 μg/L
  • Smokers: < 5 μg/L
CA-125: < 35 U/mL
CA19-9: < 40 U/mL
Adult vital signs
Body Temperature:
  • 36.5°C to 37.3°C
  • 97.8°F to 99.1°F
Pulse: 60 – 100 beats per minute
Blood Pressure: 90/60 – 120/80 mmHg
Respiratory Rate: 12 – 18 breaths per minute
Pulse Oximetry: > 94%
Paediatric vital signs
Blood Pressure:
  • < 1 year: 70 – 90 mmHg
  • 1 – 2 years: 80 – 95 mmHg
  • 2– 5 years: 80 – 100 mmHg
  • 5– 12 years: 90– 110 mmHg
Heart Rate:
  • < 1 year: 110 – 160
  • 1 – 2 years: 100 – 150
  • 2– 5 years:95 – 140
  • 5– 12 years: 80 – 120
Respiratory Rate:
  • < 1 year: 30 – 40
  • 1 – 2 years: 25 – 35
  • 2– 5 years:25 – 30
  • 5– 12 years: 20 – 25
Immunology
Anti-SS-A (La):
  • Negative: < 3 U/mL
  • Positive: > 4 U/mL
Anti-Streptolysin O Titre (ASOT):
  • Pre-school Age: < 100
  • School Age: < 250
  • Adults: < 125
Rheumatoid Factor (RF):
  • Negative: < 20 U/mL
  • Positive: > 30 U/mL
Anti-Mitochondrial Antibodies (AMA):
  • Negative: < 10 U/mL
  • Positive: > 10 U/mL
Perinuclear Anti-Neutrophil Cytoplasmic Antibodies (p-ANCA):
  • Negative: < 5 U/mL
  • Positive: > 5 U/mL
Anti-Histone Antibodies:
  • Negative: < 25 U/mL
  • Positive: > 25 U/mL
IgA: 110 – 560 mg/dL
IgD: 0.5 – 3.0 mg/dL
IgE: 0.01 – 0.04 mg/dL
IgG: 800 – 1800 mg/dL
IgM: 54 – 200 mg/d
Anti-ds-DNA:
  • Negative: < 40 U/mL
  • Positive: > 60 U/mL
Anti-ss-DNA:
  • Negative: < 8 U/mL
  • Positive: > 10 U/mL
Cytoplasmic Anti-Neutrophil Cytoplasmic Antibodies (c-ANCA):
  • Negative: < 20 U/mL
  • Positive: > 30 U/mL
Anti-SS-A (Ro):
  • Negative: < 15 U/mL
  • Positive: > 25 U/mL
Lumbar puncture results
Appearance: clear and colourless
White blood cells (WBC): 0 - 5 cells/µL
  • No neutrophils present, primarily lymphocytes
  • Normal cell counts do not rule out meningitis or any other pathology
Red blood cells (RBC): 0 - 10/mm³
Protein: 0.15 - 0.45 g/L (or <1% of the serum protein concentration)
Glucose: 2.8 - 4.2 mmol/L (or ≥ 60% plasma glucose concentration)
Opening pressure: 10 - 20 cm H2O